Java SE 21 & JDK 21

Java Object Serialization Specification: 1 - System Architecture

1.1 Overview

The ability to store and retrieve JavaTM objects is essential to building all but the most transient applications. The key to storing and retrieving objects in a serialized form is representing the state of objects sufficient to reconstruct the object(s). Objects to be saved in the stream may support either the Serializable or the Externalizable interface. For JavaTM objects, the serialized form must be able to identify and verify the JavaTM class from which the contents of the object were saved and to restore the contents to a new instance. For serializable objects, the stream includes sufficient information to restore the fields in the stream to a compatible version of the class. For Externalizable objects, the class is solely responsible for the external format of its contents.

Objects to be stored and retrieved frequently refer to other objects. Those other objects must be stored and retrieved at the same time to maintain the relationships between the objects. When an object is stored, all of the objects that are reachable from that object are stored as well.

The goals for serializing JavaTM objects are to:

1.2 Writing to an Object Stream

Writing objects and primitives to a stream is a straightforward process. For example:

// Serialize today's date to a file.
    FileOutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("tmp");
    ObjectOutput s = new ObjectOutputStream(f);
    s.writeObject("Today");
    s.writeObject(new Date());
    s.flush();

First an OutputStream, in this case a FileOutputStream, is needed to receive the bytes. Then an ObjectOutputStream is created that writes to the FileOutputStream. Next, the string "Today" and a Date object are written to the stream. More generally, objects are written with the writeObject method and primitives are written to the stream with the methods of DataOutput.

The writeObject method (see Section 2.3, "The writeObject Method") serializes the specified object and traverses its references to other objects in the object graph recursively to create a complete serialized representation of the graph. Within a stream, the first reference to any object results in the object being serialized or externalized and the assignment of a handle for that object. Subsequent references to that object are encoded as the handle. The use of handles preserves the sharing of objects that occurs naturally in object graphs, and allows for circular references between objects (that is, cycles in the graph).

Special handling is required for arrays, enum constants, and objects of type Class, ObjectStreamClass, and String. Other objects must implement either the Serializable or the Externalizable interface to be saved in or restored from a stream.

Primitive data types are written to the stream with the methods in the DataOutput interface, such as writeInt, writeFloat, or writeUTF. Individual bytes and arrays of bytes are written with the methods of OutputStream. Except for serializable fields, primitive data is written to the stream in block-data records, with each record prefixed by a marker and an indication of the number of bytes in the record.

ObjectOutputStream can be extended to customize the information about classes in the stream or to replace objects to be serialized. Refer to the annotateClass and replaceObject method descriptions for details.

1.3 Reading from an Object Stream

Reading an object from a stream, like writing, is straightforward:

// Deserialize a string and date from a file.
    FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream("tmp");
    ObjectInputStream s = new ObjectInputStream(in);
    String today = (String)s.readObject();
    Date date = (Date)s.readObject();

First an InputStream, in this case a FileInputStream, is needed as the source stream. Then an ObjectInputStream is created that reads from the InputStream. Next, the string "Today" and a Date object are read from the stream. Generally, objects are read with the readObject method and primitives are read from the stream with the methods of DataInput.

The readObject method deserializes the next object in the stream and traverses its references to other objects recursively to create the complete graph of objects serialized.

Primitive data types are read from the stream with the methods in the DataInput interface, such as readInt, readFloat, or readUTF. Individual bytes and arrays of bytes are read with the methods of InputStream. Except for serializable fields, primitive data is read from block-data records.

ObjectInputStream can be extended to utilize customized information in the stream about classes or to replace objects that have been deserialized. Refer to the resolveClass and resolveObject method descriptions for details.

1.4 Object Streams as Containers

Object Serialization produces and consumes a stream of bytes that contain one or more primitives and objects. The objects written to the stream, in turn, refer to other objects, which are also represented in the stream. Object Serialization produces just one stream format that encodes and stores the contained objects.

Each object that acts as a container implements an interface which allows primitives and objects to be stored in or retrieved from it. These interfaces are the ObjectOutput and ObjectInput interfaces which:

Each object which is to be stored in a stream must explicitly allow itself to be stored and must implement the protocols needed to save and restore its state. Object Serialization defines two such protocols. The protocols allow the container to ask the object to write and read its state.

To be stored in an Object Stream, each object must implement either the Serializable or the Externalizable interface:

1.5 Defining Serializable Fields for a Class

The serializable fields of a class can be defined two different ways. Default serializable fields of a class are defined to be the non-transient and non-static fields. This default computation can be overridden by declaring a special field in the Serializable class, serialPersistentFields. This field must be initialized with an array of ObjectStreamField objects that list the names and types of the serializable fields. The modifiers for the field are required to be private, static, and final. If the field's value is null or is otherwise not an instance of ObjectStreamField[], or if the field does not have the required modifiers, then the behavior is as if the field were not declared at all.

For example, the following declaration duplicates the default behavior.

class List implements Serializable {
    List next;

    private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields
                 = {new ObjectStreamField("next", List.class)};

}

By using serialPersistentFields to define the Serializable fields for a class, there no longer is a limitation that a serializable field must be a field within the current definition of the Serializable class. The writeObject and readObject methods of the Serializable class can map the current implementation of the class to the serializable fields of the class using the interface that is described in Section 1.7, "Accessing Serializable Fields of a Class". Therefore, the fields for a Serializable class can change in a later release, as long as it maintains the mapping back to its Serializable fields that must remain compatible across release boundaries.

Note: There is, however, a limitation to the use of this mechanism to specify serializable fields for inner classes. Inner classes can only contain final static fields that are initialized to constants or expressions built up from constants. Consequently, it is not possible to set serialPersistentFields for an inner class (though it is possible to set it for static member classes). For other restrictions pertaining to serialization of inner class instances, see section Section 1.10, "The Serializable Interface".

1.6 Documenting Serializable Fields and Data for a Class

It is important to document the serializable state of a class to enable interoperability with alternative implementations of a Serializable class and to document class evolution. Documenting a serializable field gives one a final opportunity to review whether or not the field should be serializable. The serialization javadoc tags, @serial, @serialField, and @serialData, provide a way to document the serialized form for a Serializable class within the source code.

The javadoc application recognizes the serialization javadoc tags and generates a specification for each Serializable and Externalizable class. See Section C.1, "Example Alternate Implementation of java.io.File" for an example that uses these tags.

When a class is declared Serializable, the serializable state of the object is defined by serializable fields (by name and type) plus optional data. Optional data can only be written explicitly by the writeObject method of a Serializable class. Optional data can be read by the Serializable class' readObject method or serialization will skip unread optional data.

When a class is declared Externalizable, the data that is written to the stream by the class itself defines the serialized state. The class must specify the order, types, and meaning of each datum that is written to the stream. The class must handle its own evolution, so that it can continue to read data written by and write data that can be read by previous versions. The class must coordinate with the superclass when saving and restoring data. The location of the superclasses data in the stream must be specified.

The designer of a Serializable class must ensure that the information saved for the class is appropriate for persistence and follows the serialization-specified rules for interoperability and evolution. Class evolution is explained in greater detail in Chapter 5, "Versioning of Serializable Objects".

1.7 Accessing Serializable Fields of a Class

Serialization provides two mechanisms for accessing the serializable fields in a stream:

The default mechanism is used automatically when reading or writing objects that implement the Serializable interface and do no further customization. The serializable fields are mapped to the corresponding fields of the class and values are either written to the stream from those fields or are read in and assigned respectively. If the class provides writeObject and readObject methods, the default mechanism can be invoked by calling defaultWriteObject and defaultReadObject. When the writeObject and readObject methods are implemented, the class has an opportunity to modify the serializable field values before they are written or after they are read.

When the default mechanism cannot be used, the serializable class can use the putFields method of ObjectOutputStream to put the values for the serializable fields into the stream. The writeFields method of ObjectOutputStream puts the values in the correct order, then writes them to the stream using the existing protocol for serialization. Correspondingly, the readFields method of ObjectInputStream reads the values from the stream and makes them available to the class by name in any order. See Section 2.2, "The ObjectOutputStream.PutField Class" and Section 3.2, "The ObjectInputStream.GetField Class" for a detailed description of the Serializable Fields API.

1.8 The ObjectOutput Interface

The ObjectOutput interface provides an abstract, stream-based interface to object storage. It extends the DataOutput interface so those methods can be used for writing primitive data types. Objects that implement this interface can be used to store primitives and objects.

package java.io;

public interface ObjectOutput extends DataOutput
{
    public void writeObject(Object obj) throws IOException;
    public void write(int b) throws IOException;
    public void write(byte b[]) throws IOException;
    public void write(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException;
    public void flush() throws IOException;
    public void close() throws IOException;
}

The writeObject method is used to write an object. The exceptions thrown reflect errors while accessing the object or its fields, or exceptions that occur in writing to storage. If any exception is thrown, the underlying storage may be corrupted. If this occurs, refer to the object that is implementing this interface for more information.

1.9 The ObjectInput Interface

The ObjectInput interface provides an abstract stream based interface to object retrieval. It extends the DataInput interface so those methods for reading primitive data types are accessible in this interface.

package java.io;

public interface ObjectInput extends DataInput
{
    public Object readObject()
        throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException;
    public int read() throws IOException;
    public int read(byte b[]) throws IOException;
    public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException;
    public long skip(long n) throws IOException;
    public int available() throws IOException;
    public void close() throws IOException;
}

The readObject method is used to read and return an object. The exceptions thrown reflect errors while accessing the objects or its fields or exceptions that occur in reading from the storage. If any exception is thrown, the underlying storage may be corrupted. If this occurs, refer to the object implementing this interface for additional information.

1.10 The Serializable Interface

Object Serialization produces a stream with information about the JavaTM classes for the objects which are being saved. For serializable objects, sufficient information is kept to restore those objects even if a different (but compatible) version of the implementation of the class is present. The Serializable interface is defined to identify classes which implement the serializable protocol:

package java.io;

public interface Serializable {};

A Serializable class must do the following:

The class can optionally define the following methods:

ObjectOutputStream and ObjectInputStream allow the serializable classes on which they operate to evolve (allow changes to the classes that are compatible with the earlier versions of the classes). See Section 5.5, "Compatible Java Type Evolution" for information about the mechanism which is used to allow compatible changes.

Note: Serialization of inner classes (i.e., nested classes that are not static member classes), including local and anonymous classes, is strongly discouraged for several reasons. Because inner classes declared in non-static contexts contain implicit non-transient references to enclosing class instances, serializing such an inner class instance will result in serialization of its associated outer class instance as well. Synthetic fields generated by javac (or other JavaTM compilers) to implement inner classes are implementation dependent and may vary between compilers; differences in such fields can disrupt compatibility as well as result in conflicting default serialVersionUID values. The names assigned to local and anonymous inner classes are also implementation dependent and may differ between compilers. Since inner classes cannot declare static members other than compile-time constant fields, they cannot use the serialPersistentFields mechanism to designate serializable fields. Finally, because inner classes associated with outer instances do not have zero-argument constructors (constructors of such inner classes implicitly accept the enclosing instance as a prepended parameter), they cannot implement Externalizable. None of the issues listed above, however, apply to static member classes.

1.11 The Externalizable Interface

For Externalizable objects, only the identity of the class of the object is saved by the container; the class must save and restore the contents. The Externalizable interface is defined as follows:

package java.io;

public interface Externalizable extends Serializable
{
    public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out)
        throws IOException;

    public void readExternal(ObjectInput in)
        throws IOException, java.lang.ClassNotFoundException;
}

The class of an Externalizable object must do the following:

An Externalizable class can optionally define the following methods:

1.12 Serialization of Enum Constants

Enum constants are serialized differently than ordinary serializable or externalizable objects. The serialized form of an enum constant consists solely of its name; field values of the constant are not present in the form. To serialize an enum constant, ObjectOutputStream writes the value returned by the enum constant's name method. To deserialize an enum constant, ObjectInputStream reads the constant name from the stream; the deserialized constant is then obtained by calling the java.lang.Enum.valueOf method, passing the constant's enum type along with the received constant name as arguments. Like other serializable or externalizable objects, enum constants can function as the targets of back references appearing subsequently in the serialization stream.

The process by which enum constants are serialized cannot be customized: any class-specific writeObject, readObject, readObjectNoData, writeReplace, and readResolve methods defined by enum types are ignored during serialization and deserialization. Similarly, any serialPersistentFields or serialVersionUID field declarations are also ignored--all enum types have a fixed serialVersionUID of 0L. Documenting serializable fields and data for enum types is unnecessary, since there is no variation in the type of data sent.

1.13 Serialization of Records

Records are serialized differently than ordinary serializable or externalizable objects. The serialized form of a record object is a sequence of values derived from the record components. The stream format of a record object is the same as that of an ordinary object in the stream. During deserialization, if the local class equivalent of the specified stream class descriptor is a record class, then first the stream fields are read and reconstructed to serve as the record's component values; and second, a record object is created by invoking the record's canonical constructor with the component values as arguments (or the default value for component's type if a component value is absent from the stream).

Like other serializable or externalizable objects, record objects can function as the target of back references appearing subsequently in the serialization stream. However, a cycle in the graph where the record object is referred to, either directly or transitively, by one of its components, is not preserved. The record components are deserialized prior to the invocation of the record constructor, hence this limitation (see Section 1.14, "Circular References" for additional information).

The process by which record objects are serialized or externalized cannot be customized; any class-specific writeObject, readObject, readObjectNoData, writeExternal, and readExternal methods defined by record classes are ignored during serialization and deserialization. However, a substitute object to be serialized or a designate replacement may be specified, by the writeReplace and readResolve methods, respectively. Any serialPersistentFields field declaration is ignored. Documenting serializable fields and data for record classes is unnecessary, since there is no variation in the serial form, other than whether a substitute or replacement object is used. The serialVersionUID of a record class is 0L unless explicitly declared. The requirement for matching serialVersionUID values is waived for record classes.

1.14 Circular References

As described in Section 1.2, " Writing to an Object Stream", the use of handles can preserve cyclic references that occur in object graphs.

A minimal contrived example, for illustration purposes only:

    class Data implements Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = ...
        Object obj;
    }

    class Carrier implements Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = ...
        private final Data d;
        public Carrier(Data d) { this.d = d; }
        public Data d() { return d; }
    }

    // create an instance of both Data and Carrier, and a cycle between them
    Data d1 = new Data();
    Carrier c1 = new Carrier(d1);
    d1.obj = c1;

    // serialize
    ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(...);
    oos.writeObject(c1);

    // deserialize
    ObjectInputStream ois  = new ObjectInputStream(...);
    Carrier c2 = (Carrier) ois.readObject();

When deserialized, the object, c2, will have its d field refer to an instance of Data, that will in turn have its obj field refer back to the same instance of c2. The identity of the object referred to by c2 is equal to the identity of the object referred to by c2.d().obj, that is c2 == c2.d().obj.

The allocation of the object, c2, and the assignment of its handle, happen before the reconstruction of its field values (see Section 3.1 "The ObjectInputStream Class", step 12). This allows the field values (and their field values recursively) to refer to the handle for c2 during deserialization. In this way, deserialization of ordinary objects supports cycles in the object graph.

Now consider if Carrier were a record class, as follows:

    record Carrier(Data d) implements Serializable { }

When deserialized, the object, c2, will have its d field refer to an instance of Data, that will in turn have its obj field refer to null (rather than referring to c2). The circular reference, through d.obj, in the original object graph, is not preserved during deserialization.

The allocation of the record object c2, and the assignment of its handle, happen after the reconstruction of its field values ( that is, the component values of the future record; see Section 3.1 "The ObjectInputStream Class", step 11). While a handle for the record object is added to the set of known objects before the record component values are reconstructed, it has an initial value of null. The handle is assigned to the record object only after the record object has been constructed (through an invocation of its canonical constructor). Consequently, during deserialization of the record component values, references in the stream to the handle for the record object, will see the initial null value. As such, cycles targeting the record object from its components (or their fields transitively) are not preserved during deserialization.

1.15 Protecting Sensitive Information

When developing a class that provides controlled access to resources, care must be taken to protect sensitive information and functions. During deserialization, the private state of the object is restored. For example, a file descriptor contains a handle that provides access to an operating system resource. Being able to forge a file descriptor would allow some forms of illegal access, since restoring state is done from a stream. Therefore, the serializing runtime must take the conservative approach and not trust the stream to contain only valid representations of objects. To avoid compromising a class, the sensitive state of an object must not be restored from the stream, or it must be reverified by the class. Several techniques are available to protect sensitive data in classes.

The easiest technique is to mark fields that contain sensitive data as private transient. Transient fields are not persistent and will not be saved by any persistence mechanism. Marking the field will prevent the state from appearing in the stream and from being restored during deserialization. Since writing and reading (of private fields) cannot be superseded outside of the class, the transient fields of the class are safe.

Particularly sensitive classes should not be serialized at all. To accomplish this, the object should not implement either the Serializable or the Externalizable interface.

Some classes may find it beneficial to allow writing and reading but specifically handle and revalidate the state as it is deserialized. The class should implement writeObject and readObject methods to save and restore only the appropriate state. If access should be denied, throwing a NotSerializableException will prevent further access.